HARLOW SHAPLEY FBI considered him a risk A men are largely responsible for our current understanding of the structure of the universe and the solar system’s place in it. But to the FBI, Shapley was a dangerous character. That’s in the massive file, too. FBI agents recorded the addresses of every piece of mail that Shapley sent or received. Extraordinary surveillance was just part of the seven years of government spying on Shapley that ended in 1953, a year after he retired as Harvard College Observatory’s director. The FBI even spied on the 1946 convention of the American Association of Variable Star Observers, which Shapley attended. He has an inherent dislike for authority, and will invariably do the opposite to what he is told or supposed to do.’” Shapley had made his reputation with one of the most monumental discoveries in astronomy since Copernicus’ displacement of the Earth. Using observations of Cepheid variable stars in globular clusters that he made at Mt. Wilson from ...