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  Total solar eclipse 2020 On December 14, celestial movement once again unfolds as the Sun and Moon line up with Earth to produce the greatest of nature’s spectacles: a total solar eclipse. The 2020 total solar eclipse path of totality crosses great lakes, hot springs, and an active volcano. On December 14, 2020, the path of totality will stretch across the Chilean Lake District and Argentina’s northern Patagonia region. It will begin at 1 p.m. local time on the west coast of Chile and end at 1:24 p.m. local time on the east coast of Argentina. The maximum eclipse will occur south of Neuquén, near Sierra Colorada, and last 130 seconds.

We study the seasonal variation of substorms, geomagnetic activity, and solar wind drivers.   The number of substorms and substorm mean duration depicts an annual variation with high in Winter and Summer, respectively, reflecting the annual change of the local ionosphere.  Spring-fall asymmetry of substorm variation of geomagnetic activity investigated for different conditions of the interplanetary magnetic field during one solar cycle solar minimum years (example) of 1954 and 1996   in the declining phase of the two cycles when high-speed streams dominate the solar wind.  The solution to this problem requires a complete reconstruction of the Dst index. The derivation of this reconstructed and extended index, to be called here the Dxt index, closely follows the original recipe for the Dst index [Sugiura, 1969; Sugiura and Kamei, 1991,  which encircles the Earth close to the magnetic equator in the Van Allen (or radiation) belt of the magnetosphere. During large magnetic storms, the si

  We report the optical Supernova and high luminosity Supernovae have an outsized impact on many areas of astrophysics: they are major contributors to the chemical enrichment of the cosmos and significantly influence the formation of subsequent generations of stars and the evolution of galaxies. Here we review the observational. Observational and theoretical spectra of supernovae' the physical basis of SN Ia explosions is still not completely understood. All models for SN Ia predict large quantities in the ejecta, but it is not clear that observations confirm this. The discrepancies between theoretical and observed spectra are due primarily to the one-dimensional hydrodynamic models. The spectral data are not consistent with the high-density “spike” (in radial coordinate) after analysis of the light curves, on 23 Aug 2020, Supernova Identification by tonynetone confirms an international collaboration between in the Russia and U.S. and many scientific institutions across the UK, Fra